Category Archives: Income Tax Company

Patent & IP Valuation: Relief from Royalty, Excess Earnings & Multi-Period Methods Featured Answer: Intellectual property valuation in India relies on three primary approaches — the income approach (Relief from Royalty and Multi-Period Excess Earnings methods), the market approach, and the cost approach (reproduction and replacement cost). For patents, the Relief from Royalty method estimates […]

RERA Compliance for Builders & Developers: Registration, Escrow & Penalties Featured Answer: The Real Estate (Regulation and Development) Act, 2016 (RERA) mandates that every real estate project exceeding 500 sq. metres or eight apartments must be registered with the state RERA authority before advertisement or sale. Builders must deposit 70% of amounts collected from allottees […]

Interest Under Section 234A, 234B, 234C: Computation & Waiver 📌 Quick Answer: The Income Tax Act levies penal interest under three sections — Section 234A (delay in filing return), Section 234B (default in payment of advance tax), and Section 234C (deferment of advance tax instalments). Interest is charged at 1% per month or part thereof […]

Registered Office Change: Within City, State & Interstate — ROC Filing 📌 Quick Answer: A company may change its registered office within the same city (by Board resolution and INC-22 filing), within the same state but to another ROC jurisdiction (by special resolution and INC-23 filing requiring Regional Director approval), or from one state to […]

MOA Amendment: Objects, Name, Capital & Registered Office Changes Under Companies Act 2013 Featured Answer: The Memorandum of Association (MOA) can be altered under Sections 13 and 14 of the Companies Act, 2013, by passing a special resolution (or ordinary resolution for specific clauses). The procedure varies by clause — name changes require RoC approval […]

Statutory Registers: Which Are Mandatory & How to Maintain for a Private Company Featured Answer: Every private company incorporated under the Companies Act, 2013 must maintain at least six statutory registers — Register of Members (MGT-1), Register of Directors & KMP (MBP-4), Register of Charges, Register of Significant Beneficial Owners (BEN-1/BEN-2), Register of Loans & […]

Charge Registration: CHG-1 Filing, Modification & Satisfaction Under Companies Act 2013 When a company borrows money and pledges its assets as security, a charge is created. The Companies Act 2013 mandates that every such charge must be registered with the Registrar of Companies (ROC) to protect the interests of lenders and ensure transparency. Failure to […]

CSR Under Section 135: Applicability, Spending & Reporting Featured Answer: Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) under Section 135 of the Companies Act, 2013 mandates that every company meeting prescribed thresholds—net worth of ₹500 crore or more, turnover of ₹1,000 crore or more, or net profit of ₹5 crore or more during the immediately preceding financial year—must […]

AI Model Auditing: Risk Assessment, Bias Testing & Compliance Framework Featured Answer: AI model auditing is a structured, independent examination of artificial intelligence and machine learning systems to evaluate data quality, algorithmic fairness, model risk, explainability, and regulatory compliance. In India, AI model audits draw from NITI Aayog’s Responsible AI principles, RBI guidelines on AI/ML […]