Category Archives: Valuation

Quick Answer: Cross-border mergers and acquisitions involving Indian companies operate at the intersection of three major regulatory frameworks: FEMA/RBI (foreign exchange compliance and pricing), the Income Tax Act (capital gains taxation and Section 195 withholding), and SEBI regulations (Takeover Code for listed targets). Every cross-border acquisition requires a FEMA-compliant valuation, proper withholding tax compliance, and […]

Fraud Risk Assessment Framework: COSO, ACFE & Indian Regulatory Context Quick Answer A fraud risk assessment framework is the structured methodology organisations use to identify, evaluate, and mitigate fraud exposure. The globally accepted standard combines the COSO Internal Control — Integrated Framework with the ACFE fraud triangle methodology (pressure, opportunity, rationalisation). In the Indian context, […]

Share Valuation for Income Tax: Section 56(2)(x) & Gift Tax 📌 Quick Answer: How Are Shares Taxed Under Section 56(2)(x)? When any person receives shares for nil or inadequate consideration, and the aggregate fair market value (FMV) exceeds Rs 50,000, the entire difference between FMV and consideration paid is taxed as “Income from Other Sources” […]

Related Party Fraud: Detection Techniques & Companies Act Compliance Quick Answer Related party fraud is one of the most prevalent and damaging forms of corporate fraud in India, where promoter-driven corporate structures create extensive related party networks. Detection requires forensic analysis going beyond statutory compliance — mapping the complete related party universe, testing arm’s length […]

Revenue Recognition Fraud: Ind AS 115 Red Flags & Detection Quick Answer Revenue recognition fraud is the most common form of financial statement fraud globally, and SA 240 creates a rebuttable presumption that revenue recognition is a fraud risk in every audit. Under Ind AS 115, revenue must be recognised only when performance obligations are […]

Bank Fraud Investigation: RBI Framework, EWS & Forensic Methodology Quick Answer: Bank fraud investigation in India is governed by a robust regulatory framework established by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), which mandates banks to implement Early Warning Signal (EWS) mechanisms, conduct forensic audits for large-value frauds, and report all fraud cases through the Central […]

Expert Witness Testimony: NCLT, Courts & Arbitration — Forensic CA Role Quick Answer: Expert witness testimony by forensic Chartered Accountants plays a pivotal role in proceedings before the National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT), civil and criminal courts, and arbitration tribunals in India. Under Sections 45 to 51 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 (now Sections […]

Anti-Money Laundering: PMLA Compliance, Reporting & Defence Quick Answer: The Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002 (PMLA) is India’s principal anti-money laundering legislation, empowering the Enforcement Directorate (ED) to investigate, attach, and confiscate proceeds of crime linked to scheduled offences. PMLA compliance requires reporting entities — including banks, financial institutions, intermediaries, and designated non-financial businesses […]

Cyber Fraud Investigation: IT Act 2000, Digital Evidence & Section 65B Quick Answer: Cyber fraud investigation in India is governed primarily by the Information Technology Act, 2000 (IT Act), as amended in 2008, along with the Indian Penal Code (now Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita) and the Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002. The IT Act provides […]