MOA Amendment: Objects, Name, Capital & Registered Office Changes Under Companies Act 2013 Featured Answer: The Memorandum of Association (MOA) can be altered under Sections 13 and 14 of the Companies Act, 2013, by passing a special resolution (or ordinary resolution for specific clauses). The procedure varies by clause — name changes require RoC approval […]
Category Archives: Valuation
Company Valuation, Business Valuation . Startup Valuation
Statutory Registers: Which Are Mandatory & How to Maintain for a Private Company Featured Answer: Every private company incorporated under the Companies Act, 2013 must maintain at least six statutory registers — Register of Members (MGT-1), Register of Directors & KMP (MBP-4), Register of Charges, Register of Significant Beneficial Owners (BEN-1/BEN-2), Register of Loans & […]
Charge Registration: CHG-1 Filing, Modification & Satisfaction Under Companies Act 2013 When a company borrows money and pledges its assets as security, a charge is created. The Companies Act 2013 mandates that every such charge must be registered with the Registrar of Companies (ROC) to protect the interests of lenders and ensure transparency. Failure to […]
CSR Under Section 135: Applicability, Spending & Reporting Featured Answer: Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) under Section 135 of the Companies Act, 2013 mandates that every company meeting prescribed thresholds—net worth of ₹500 crore or more, turnover of ₹1,000 crore or more, or net profit of ₹5 crore or more during the immediately preceding financial year—must […]
AI Model Auditing: Risk Assessment, Bias Testing & Compliance Framework Featured Answer: AI model auditing is a structured, independent examination of artificial intelligence and machine learning systems to evaluate data quality, algorithmic fairness, model risk, explainability, and regulatory compliance. In India, AI model audits draw from NITI Aayog’s Responsible AI principles, RBI guidelines on AI/ML […]
Interest Under Section 234A, 234B, 234C: Computation & Waiver 📌 Quick Answer: The Income Tax Act levies penal interest under three sections — Section 234A (delay in filing return), Section 234B (default in payment of advance tax), and Section 234C (deferment of advance tax instalments). Interest is charged at 1% per month or part thereof […]
MOA & AOA Drafting: Objects Clause, Capital Clause & Articles of Association Featured Answer: The Memorandum of Association (MOA) defines a company’s identity, objects and authorised capital under Sections 4 and 5 of the Companies Act, 2013. The Articles of Association (AOA) govern internal management rules. Together, they form the constitutional documents filed with the […]
DSC for Company Registration: Class 2 vs Class 3, Process & Cost Featured Answer: A Digital Signature Certificate (DSC) is mandatory for company registration in India. Every proposed director must obtain a DSC before filing the SPICe+ incorporation form on the MCA portal. Since 1 January 2021, the MCA accepts only Class 3 DSCs with […]
Company Registration in Mumbai: Process, Cost & Compliance Featured Answer: Registering a company in Mumbai involves filing the SPICe+ form with the Registrar of Companies (ROC), Mumbai, paying Maharashtra-specific stamp duty on the MOA and AOA, and obtaining mandatory local registrations including the Maharashtra Shop and Establishment Act licence and Professional Tax Registration Certificate (PTRC). […]
Company Registration in Bangalore: Startup Hub Guide Featured Answer: Bangalore (Bengaluru) is India’s leading startup ecosystem and technology hub. Registering a company in Bangalore involves filing SPICe+ with ROC Bangalore, paying Karnataka-specific stamp duty and complying with Karnataka Professional Tax and Karnataka Shops and Commercial Establishments Act. The Karnataka government’s startup policy and KIADB incentives […]