Increase Authorised Capital: EGM Resolution & ROC Filing Under Section 61 Featured Answer: A company increases its authorised share capital under Section 61(1)(a) of the Companies Act, 2013 by passing an ordinary resolution at a general meeting (EGM or AGM), provided the Articles of Association authorise such an increase. The altered Memorandum of Association is […]
Category Archives: Business Model
Business Model
Pre-Revenue Startup Valuation: Berkus, Scorecard & Revenue Ramp Bayesian Methods 📌 Quick Answer: How do you value a startup with no revenue? Pre-revenue startups are valued using qualitative and probability-weighted methods rather than traditional DCF or earnings multiples. The three most defensible frameworks are the Berkus Method (risk-dimension scoring up to INR 4 crore per […]
Valuation for Mergers & Amalgamation: NCLT & Share Swap Ratio Determination 📌 Quick Answer: How is valuation done for mergers and amalgamation in India? Merger and amalgamation valuation under Sections 230–232 of the Companies Act, 2013 requires an IBBI Registered Valuer to determine the share swap ratio (exchange ratio) between the transferor and transferee companies. […]
Exit Valuation: Secondary Sale, Buyback & IPO in India 📌 Quick Answer: What valuation do I need for an exit — secondary sale, buyback, or IPO? Exit valuation in India is governed by multiple overlapping regulations depending on the exit route. Secondary sales between residents require a Chartered Accountant certificate under Rule 11UA (DCF or […]
Brand Valuation in India: Relief from Royalty & Excess Earnings Methodology 📌 Quick Answer: How is a brand valued in India? Brand valuation in India primarily uses two income-approach methods: the Relief from Royalty (RfR) method, which values the brand as the present value of hypothetical royalty savings, and the Multi-Period Excess Earnings Method (MPEEM), […]
Fair Value Under Ind AS 113: Hierarchy, Valuation Techniques & Disclosure Requirements 📌 Quick Answer: What is fair value under Ind AS 113? Ind AS 113 (Fair Value Measurement) defines fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market […]
FC-GPR & FC-TRS: Complete Guide to FDI Reporting Under FEMA 📌 Quick Answer: What are FC-GPR and FC-TRS forms? FC-GPR (Foreign Currency — Gross Provisional Return) is the mandatory RBI reporting form filed by an Indian company when it issues shares or other eligible securities to a person resident outside India. FC-TRS (Foreign Currency — […]
ODI Rules 2022: Step-Down Subsidiary, Round-Tripping & Complete Compliance Framework 📌 Quick Answer: What are the ODI Rules 2022 under FEMA? The Foreign Exchange Management (Overseas Investment) Rules, 2022, effective 22 August 2022, replaced the earlier ODI Regulations 2004 and consolidated the entire framework for overseas investments by Indian residents. These rules govern Overseas Direct […]
NRI Investment in India: FEMA Routes, Tax Obligations & Repatriation Framework 📌 Quick Answer: How can NRIs invest in India and what are the FEMA and tax rules? Non-Resident Indians (NRIs) and Persons of Indian Origin (PIOs) can invest in India through multiple channels: Foreign Direct Investment under the Automatic or Government Route governed by […]
Quick Answer: FEMA contraventions attract penalties up to three times the sum involved under Section 13(1). Compounding under Section 15 allows voluntary settlement by paying a fee to RBI (up to Rs 5 crore contravention) or ED (above Rs 5 crore). Not all contraventions are compoundable — Section 3(a) hawala violations are excluded. At our […]